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[The fish site] Microplastics could make viral fish disease more severe

한국분석과학연구소 2023. 1. 27. 16:18

Microplastics could make viral fish disease more severe

미세 플라스틱은 바이러스 성 물고기 질병을 더 심각하게 만들 수 있습니다

 

A new laboratory study shows that microplastics can negatively impact fish health and physiology, finding that the presence of plastic fragments can make IHNV outbreaks more damaging.

새로운 실험실 연구에 따르면 미세플라스틱은 어류의 건강과 생리에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있으며 플라스틱 조각의 존재가 IHNV 발생을 더욱 손상시킬 수 있음을 발견했습니다.

ab technician Gaelan Verry (L) and recent PhD graduate Meredith Evans Seeley (R) Seeley and her colleagues examined rainbow trout for indications of viral infection and microparticle impacts at the Seawater Research Lab at VIMS © Barb Rutan, VIMS

 

Lead author on the study, published in Science of the Total Environment, is Dr Meredith Evans Seeley, who conducted the research as part of her PhD programme at William & Mary’s Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Joining her as co-authors were VIMS professors Rob Hale, Andrew Wargo and Wolfgang Vogelbein; W&M professor Patty Zwollo and VIMS laboratory technician Gaelan Verry.

종합 환경 과학(Science of the Total Environment)에 발표된 이 연구의 주 저자는 William & Mary의 버지니아 해양 과학 연구소에서 박사 과정의 일환으로 연구를 수행한 Meredith Evans Seeley 박사입니다. VIMS 교수인 Rob Hale, Andrew Wargo 및 Wolfgang Vogelbein이 공동 저자로 그녀와 합류했습니다. W&M 교수 Patty Zwollo와 VIMS 실험실 기술자 Gaelan Verry.

 

“Microplastics and pathogens are everywhere,” says Seeley, “but they’re often present at highest concentrations in densely populated aquatic environments such as fish farms. We wanted to explore if microplastics could affect the severity of IHNV infections in aquaculture.” IHNV is a virulent pathogen in salmonid aquaculture, affecting members of the salmon family including rainbow trout, steelhead trout, chinook salmon and sockeye salmon.

Seeley는 “미세 플라스틱과 병원균은 어디에나 존재하지만 양어장과 같이 인구 밀도가 높은 수생 환경에서 가장 높은 농도로 존재하는 경우가 많습니다. 우리는 미세 플라스틱이 양식업에서 IHNV 감염의 심각성에 영향을 미칠 수 있는지 알아보고 싶었습니다.” IHNV는 무지개 송어, 스틸헤드 송어, 치누크 연어 및 홍연어를 포함한 연어과의 구성원에 영향을 미치는 연어류 양식의 악성 병원체입니다.

 

Dr Meredith Evans Seeley examines a juvenile rainbow trout in the laboratory Seeley wanted to explore if microplastics could affect the severity of IHNV infections in aquaculture © Barb Rutan, VIMS

 

 

The team wanted to determine if a “cause-and-effect” may occur between microplastics, virus and fish mortality. Seeley and colleagues thus exposed aquarium-kept rainbow trout to low, medium and high concentrations of three different types of microparticles, and later added the IHN virus to half the tanks. They chose plastics that are both widely used in aquaculture and commonly found as breakdown products in nature: polystyrene foam (often in floats, buoys, home insulation, and food containers); and nylon fibres (lost from fishing nets, fishing lines and clothing). They also exposed infected and healthy fish to tiny fragments of the common saltmarsh cordgrass Spartina alterniflora. Control tanks held no virus or microparticles. Trout were hatched and reared according to guidelines from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

연구팀은 미세플라스틱, 바이러스, 어류 폐사 사이에 "인과관계"가 발생할 수 있는지 확인하고 싶었습니다. 따라서 Seeley와 동료들은 수족관에 보관된 무지개 송어를 저농도, 중농도 및 고농도의 세 가지 유형의 미립자에 노출시켰고 나중에 IHN 바이러스를 수조의 절반에 추가했습니다. 그들은 양식업에 널리 사용되고 일반적으로 자연에서 분해 생성물로 발견되는 플라스틱을 선택했습니다. 및 나일론 섬유(어망, 낚싯줄 및 의류에서 손실됨). 그들은 또한 감염되고 건강한 물고기를 일반 염습지 줄풀인 Spartina alterniflora의 작은 조각에 노출시켰습니다. 대조군 탱크에는 바이러스나 미립자가 포함되지 않았습니다. 송어는 기관 동물 관리 및 사용 위원회(Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)의 지침에 따라 부화 및 사육되었습니다.

 

Their results? “We found that co-exposure to microplastics and virus increased disease severity,” says Seeley, “with nylon fibres having the greatest impact. This is the first time this interaction has been documented and emphasises the importance of testing multiple stressors, which is more environmentally realistic.”

Dr Rob Hale, an environmental chemist and Seeley’s doctoral advisor at VIMS, agrees. “Our results,” he says, “show we must consider toxicity of microplastics not just alone but in combination with other environmental stressors.”

결과는? "우리는 미세 플라스틱과 바이러스에 대한 공동 노출이 질병의 심각성을 증가시킨다는 것을 발견했습니다."라고 Seeley는 말합니다. "나일론 섬유가 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤습니다. 이 상호 작용이 문서화된 것은 이번이 처음이며 보다 환경적으로 현실적인 여러 스트레스 요인을 테스트하는 것의 중요성을 강조합니다.” VIMS에서 환경 화학자이자 Seeley의 박사 고문인 Rob Hale 박사도 이에 동의합니다. "우리의 결과는 우리가 미세 플라스틱의 독성을 단독으로 뿐만 아니라 다른 환경적 스트레스 요인과 함께 고려해야 한다는 것을 보여줍니다."라고 그는 말합니다.

The relationship between virus and microplastics mortality Seeley's analysis found that mortality increased significantly when fish were co-exposed to a virus and microplastics, particularly microfibers, compared to virus alone © Meredith Evans Seeley

 

Dr Andrew Wargo, an expert in the ecology of infectious diseases, notes that IHNV is a worldwide issue. “It originated in the Pacific Northwest, where it continues to cause major problems for both salmonid aquaculture and conservation. Our study shows there is an interaction between microplastics and IHNV. What we don’t know yet is how this interaction is playing out in aquaculture or wild environments, which will ultimately depend on the amount of plastic pollution and IHNV in any given area.”

전염병의 생태학 전문가인 Dr Andrew Wargo는 IHNV가 세계적인 문제라고 지적합니다. “그것은 태평양 북서부에서 시작되어 연어 양식과 보존 모두에 계속해서 큰 문제를 일으키고 있습니다. 우리의 연구는 미세플라스틱과 IHNV 사이에 상호작용이 있음을 보여줍니다. 우리가 아직 모르는 것은 이 상호 작용이 양식이나 야생 환경에서 어떻게 진행되는지이며, 이는 궁극적으로 주어진 지역의 플라스틱 오염과 IHNV의 양에 달려 있습니다.”

Not all microparticles are created equal

모든 미립자가 동일하게 생성되는 것은 아닙니다.

 

Based on their laboratory results, the researchers suspect that exposure to microparticles increases disease severity by physically damaging the delicate tissues of the gills and gut lining, thus making it easier for the virus to colonise its host.

Exposure to synthetic microplastics – nylon and polystyrene – had greater impact than natural microparticles derived from Spartina. Most impactful was exposure to the nylon-derived microfibers. The researchers suspect this may be due to their larger size, extended length or the greater hardness of the plastic compared to plant matter.

실험실 결과를 바탕으로 연구원들은 미립자에 대한 노출이 아가미와 내장 내벽의 섬세한 조직을 물리적으로 손상시켜 질병의 심각성을 증가시켜 바이러스가 숙주를 더 쉽게 식민지화하게 만드는 것으로 의심합니다. 합성 미세 플라스틱(나일론 및 폴리스티렌)에 대한 노출은 Spartina에서 추출한 천연 미세 입자보다 더 큰 영향을 미쳤습니다. 가장 큰 영향을 미친 것은 나일론에서 추출한 극세사에 대한 노출이었습니다. 연구원들은 이것이 식물 물질에 비해 플라스틱의 더 큰 크기, 확장된 길이 또는 더 큰 경도 때문일 수 있다고 의심합니다.

 

Results from the experimental cohorts When exposed to the virus only (blue particles in left-hand panel), the barrier formed by the intact lining of the gill and gut may block some virus from penetrating the tissues. When exposed to small microparticles derived from polystyrene or Spartina marsh grass (orange “suns” in center panel) and then virus, the barrier may be physically damaged, allowing more virus to enter and causing an inflammatory response. Damage appeared to be greatest for nylon microfibers (purple rods in right panel), which are larger and may be more likely to become trapped in and damage the barrier. This may allow greater viral entry and generate stress in the fish, ultimately increasing viral virulence. © Meredith Evans Seeley

 

“Nylon microfibers are larger and may be more likely to become trapped in and damage the delicate tissues of the gills and gut lining,” says Seeley. “That could make it easier for the virus to enter and stress the host, ultimately increasing disease virulence.”

“나일론 극세사는 크기가 더 커서 아가미와 장 내벽의 섬세한 조직에 갇혀 손상될 가능성이 더 큽니다.”라고 Seeley는 말합니다. "그것은 바이러스가 숙주에 더 쉽게 들어가고 스트레스를 주어 궁극적으로 질병의 독성을 증가시킬 수 있습니다."

Broader implications 더 넓은 의미

The team’s work has major implications beyond fish farming. “Our research question is very relevant in aquaculture,” says Seeley, “but it’s applicable to natural environments as well. Microplastics are distributed worldwide, so at any given time they may be co-occurring with a variety of natural pathogens.”

팀의 작업은 어류 양식을 넘어 중요한 의미를 갖습니다. Seeley는 “우리의 연구 질문은 양식업과 매우 관련이 있지만 자연 환경에도 적용할 수 있습니다. 미세 플라스틱은 전 세계적으로 분포되어 있으므로 언제든지 다양한 자연 병원균과 함께 발생할 수 있습니다.”

 

Disease and microplastics may interact to produce worse outcomes across a range of aquatic and terrestrial systems, including in wild fishes, corals and birds.
질병과 미세 플라스틱은 상호 작용하여 야생 어류, 산호 및 조류를 포함한 다양한 수중 및 육상 시스템에서 더 나쁜 결과를 초래할 수 있습니다.
-DR MEREDITH EVANS SEELEY, Tweeter

“Disease and microplastics may interact to produce worse outcomes across a range of aquatic and terrestrial systems,” says Hale, “including in wild fishes, corals and birds. If you just test microplastics alone you might not see any impacts and call it a day, but in the real world those microplastics may interact with pathogens, rising temperatures, decreasing pH, increasing water turbidity and other variables.”

Seeley says the team’s results may be relevant to human health as well. “Indoor environments are dense with microplastics – in household dust for example,” she says. “This makes us wonder how indoor microplastic contaminants may affect the progression of airborne diseases such as Covid-19.”.

"질병과 미세플라스틱은 상호작용하여 다양한 수생 및 육상 시스템에서 더 나쁜 결과를 초래할 수 있습니다."라고 Hale은 말합니다. "야생 물고기, 산호 및 새를 포함합니다. 미세 플라스틱만 테스트하는 경우 아무런 영향을 보지 못하고 종료할 수 있지만 실제로는 이러한 미세 플라스틱이 병원체, 온도 상승, pH 감소, 물 탁도 증가 및 기타 변수와 상호 작용할 수 있습니다.” Seeley는 팀의 결과가 인간의 건강과도 관련이 있을 수 있다고 말합니다. "실내 환경은 미세플라스틱이 밀집되어 있습니다. 예를 들어 집안 먼지가 그렇습니다."라고 그녀는 말합니다. "이는 실내 미세 플라스틱 오염 물질이 Covid-19와 같은 공기 매개 질병의 진행에 어떤 영향을 미칠 수 있는지 궁금합니다."

 

References

Meredith Evans Seeley, Robert C Hale, Patty Zwollo, Wolfgang Vogelbein, Gaelan Verry, Andrew R Wargo (2023) Microplastics exacerbate virus-mediated mortality in fish. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 866